摘要:
运动员选材与培养是国际竞技体育成功的重要构成因素, 各国为此投入了大量的人力、物力和财力。针对多个国家和多个运动项目的回顾性和跟踪性研究显示, 基于刻意练习理论的传统运动员选材与培养所提倡的“早选材、早定项、早成才”并不能确保运动员在成年阶段取得成功。与此同时, 竞技体育领域越来越多的成功案例显示, 成年高水平运动员具有早期多项和晚定项的特点, 一些运动员甚至通过跨项在新的运动项目上实现了运动水平的快速提升。为此, 一些为了遏制奥运成绩下滑和/或实现奥运会主场出彩的国家在总结运动员无组织跨项成才经验的基础上, 尝试实施了有组织的跨项选材。跨项选材是指以培养运动员快速达到世界水平 (参赛或夺牌) 为目的, 从其他运动项目中选拔已经达到一定训练水平的, 且具有新项目所需的先天能力和/或后天经验 (如技能和心理能力) 的运动员进入一个新的运动项目, 并为这些运动员提供政策、训练、科研、教育、生活等全方位保障的一个有组织的选拔和培养过程。我国在竞技体育体制机制改革和奥运备战形势紧迫的大背景下, 一方面, 可以通过实施跨项选材为北京2022冬奥会及之后的奥运会快速培养高水平运动员, 另一方面, 借由跨项选材的实施也可对我国现有运动员选材与培养体系进行进一步完善。我国近年来逐步开展了运动员跨项选材工作, 但在借鉴、摸索和创新过程中仍需进一步加强科学性和系统性。
Abstract:
Talent identification and development (TID) is an important factor of the success of international elite sport. Huge investment of manpower, material, and financial resources have been made by countries of world accordingly with the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of elite athlete development. The traditional TID, which is based on the deliberate practice theory, advocates early identification, early specialization, and early success. However, retrospective and longitude studies based on many countries and sports demonstrate that the traditional TID would not guarantee the senior success. Meanwhile, the increasing success cases indicate the senior successful athletes are characterized by early diversification and late specialization. Some athletes even achieved rapid success through transferring to a new sport. Therefore, the countries, which experienced decrease in Olympic performance and/or held a vision of extraordinary success as the Olympic hosting country, learned the experience from previous informal talent transfer, and tried to launch formal and structured talent transfer. Talent transfer is defined as a formal detection and development process, which aims to rapidly develop international level athletes (either participants or medalists) by detecting athletes of certain performance level and with the genetic capabilities and/or training experience needed by the new sport, from other sports to a new sport, and providing policy, training, scientific, education, life support for them. Under the circumstance of elite sport reform and challenge of Olympic preparation, China could rapidly develop elite athletes through talent transfer, and take the chance of talent transfer to improve the current TID system. Systematization and science is warranted during the talent transfer in China since recent years.